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   History of Painting

The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, dated at about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo and mammoth. There are examples of cave painting occurring all over the world.

Today, many of the world's most recognized works of art, such as the Mona Lisa, are paintings. There exists some slight controversy as to whether or not works of art produced in non-traditional ways, or with non-traditional materials, can properly be called paintings. In a general sense artists using sound, light, fireworks, ink-jet pigment, computer monitor pixels and even pastel or pencil all have the same intentions as the more expected water, oil, gouache or egg tempera painters. The resulting work of art is often referred to as a painting.

About paint
Paint can be composed of pigment, medium, binder and perhaps drying accelerants or retarders, texture enhancers, stablizers and other modifiers. When applied to canvas, a ground (a primer coat - often gesso) is usually laid on first to improve adherance of the paint and reduce its wicking into the canvas.

While typically the pigments in paint are supposed to be permanent, some painters have used paint with fugitive pigments.

Tools of the painter include the various types of:

Artist's brush
Palette knife
Palette
sponge
fingers
easel
as well as charcoal, graphite pencil, rags or paper towel, mirror (an old painter's trick to force a review of a problem painting from a new perspective, as well as for self portraits), turpentine or oderless paint thinner (often used in a mixture with oil as the medium), a model or subject stand and possibly studio lighting.

Painting techniques

Impasto
Wash, drip
Glaze
Encaustic
Mural and Fresco its best known variant
scumble and stipple
Sfumato
Sumi-e
Collage
Panel painting
New materials (painting) and
computer painting.

Paint mediums
The medium is the vehicle that the pigment is suspended or embedded in. Almost all drawing mediums can be used in painting as well.

Examples include:

Oil painting, including the newer water-miscible oils
Heat-set oils
Acrylic paint
Gouache
Ink
Pastel, including dry pastels, oil pastels, and pastel pencils
Tempera
Encaustic painting (wax)
Watercolor painting

Popular painting styles
Painting Styles can be characterized by the method of application (loose or tight) or by referring to the art movement that most closely matches the predominant characteristics that the painting expresses. They include:

Popular painting styles	Common painting idioms
Realism Impressionism Pointillism Naive art Cubism Modernism Abstract Postmodernism Avant Garde Constructivism Hard-edge	Allegory Bodegon Botanical Fantasy Figure painting Illustration Industrial Landscape Naturalist Portrait Science Fiction Still Life Surrealism War

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